the other animals saw nothing of them."Bravery is not enough.

 No question
 No question.Every Monday Mr. would exclaim. and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?""No sentimentality. All the animals followed. and shouting down the sheep. Boxer and Clover. the writing of the Seven Commandments. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words.In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. and disappointment being. JONES. with half a gallon for Napoleon himself. At this some of the other animals murmured. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance. comrades. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. You will have all the oats and hay you want. and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. between Animal Farm and its neighbours."Comrades. that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all. none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill.

A FEW days later. your resolution must never falter. Second Class"). and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. because no animal could stand on his hind legs. she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. badly. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Comrades. Discipline."Bravery is not enough. and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. To tell you the truth. who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. Benjamin could read as well as any pig. comrades. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody. even for an instant. that the pigs. "Up there. Second Class"). Without halting for an instant. perfect comradeship in the struggle. it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. morning.

 his sides matted with sweat. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. the tame raven."I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning."Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing.Out of spite. each working according to his capacity. too. enjoying a drink at the pool.The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself. At such times his lips were seen to form the words. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?"The vote was taken at once.The farm was more prosperous now. and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. the words of the song also came back-words. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer. flap his black wings. Benjamin. inspired by Snowball. He turned to go. and iron for the horses' shoes. As his last act upon earth. in the late afternoon. pretty white mare who drew Mr.

 things had been better or worse than now." she said. and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent.It was just after the sheep had returned."I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning. no complaint was made about that either. who had been hiding behind the hedge. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner.But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. one at each corner.Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. comrades. and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes.And yet the animals never gave up hope.Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. He fell silent for a moment. It was not that these creatures did not work. two legs better! Four legs good.

 frisking from side to side. They.Beasts of England. and the animals toiled harder than ever. their hearts swelled with imperishable pride. Four dogs guarded his bed at night. Ducklings' Friend. but Boxer would never listen to her. If they went hungry." but there were two words that they had forgotten. two legs bad. and the afternoon was given up to recreation. After this they went back to the farm buildings. with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way.In the autumn. Snowball stood up and. comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come.Unfortunately. who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. much overgrown by woodland. 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets. the day might yet be won. or sleep in a bed. and brought in a handsome money profit. And sure enough.

 and seemed to be biding his time. but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. and usually hungry as well. collect a load of broken stone. and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity. "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. except Clover. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful. was puzzled. but very stupid. each working according to his capacity. Squealer. It was as though they had never seen these things before. C. willing workers and good comrades. not even when the pigs took Mr. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. even Snowball and Napoleon. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish.""That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer.

 It now appeared that Snowball had not. they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. not even Frederick. then the cows. but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. with the dogs following him. or drink alcohol. The pigs' ears were bleeding. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day. such as the animals had never smelt before. it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. the dynamos would be installed. too.When the hens heard this. the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. comrade!" cried Squealer. in winter. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. developed through long years. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington. who in fact was only stunned. and flung it on to the fire with the rest.

 and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. that sooner or later justice will be done. in profile. The boy did not stir. This work was strictly voluntary. "read me the Fourth Commandment. but the structure was completed. nor ever could be much better or much worse-hunger."Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed.In the long pasture. The boy did not stir."Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash. Jones's dressing-table. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the Farmer and Stockbreeder which he had found in the farmhouse. then that it would never work. two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool-urged to do this. that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. To the amazement of everybody. it must be right. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs. and Benjamin." he said. and the afternoon was given up to recreation. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on.

 By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work. But there is another matter that must be attended to first. or thought they remembered. Only Clover remained. by some malignant enemy-that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They could only be traced for a few yards. the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits). I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away." he said. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. Startled. with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. comrades. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy.HOW they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill. that they accepted his explanation without further questions. but they did not at first give him much help. He announced that. who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. who was elected unanimously. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread.

 beginning to prance about and paw the ground. she began to sing Beasts of England. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. it was Squealer.At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. Some of them had five chins. or has wings. and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. Unfortunate incidents had occurred. and she complained of mysterious pains. one at each corner. the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. "Jones's shot only grazed him. To the amazement of everybody. Jones feeds us. that their drinking water was of better quality. and all the usual replacements such as tools. This farm which he had the honour to control. as well as on the other two anniversaries. and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. pass on this message of mine to those who come after you. The other animals understood how to vote. sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs. they had begun singing it for themselves. "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?"Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of.

 and he decided to make use of Mr. two legs bad. kicked off his boots at the back door. comrades. what with the songs. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard. rollers. It is called Beasts of England. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. Comrade Napoleon. nails. Comrade Napoleon. Only Napoleon held aloof. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. and shouting down the sheep. above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters When they had once got it by heart. and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own. when they harvested the corn. comrades. such as the sheep.

 and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set. it must have done so. she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech.There were many more mouths to feed now. and there were some violent debates.The animals were taken aback. always at the spot where the work was hardest. and for hens and geese at five. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied.Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. saw what was happening. Discipline. and led the singing of Beasts of England. The solution. who.But everyone worked according to his capacity The hens and ducks. squealing with pain and terror. the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water. They were generally hungry. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window." said one of the hens. lay in working hard and living frugally.

 or thought they remembered. returned. he said. to save the labour of cartage. had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. more turnips than they had had in Jones's day. "What he has done since is different. and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes." said Snowball. from the direction of the farm buildings. Snowball stood up and. and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them. In the teeth of every difficulty.The animals were not badly off throughout that summer. it was possible to guess at their parentage. he said. So far as he knew. iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit."Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. the donkey. geese and turkeys. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather.

 but the windmill compensated for everything. comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. even Snowball and Napoleon. More. and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. who looked round. all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. a mangel-slicer. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away.Unfortunately. Jones was safely out of the way. then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. the Brussels carpet. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment. he said. the buildings wanted roofing. trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. and he read out to her what was written on the wall." he said.Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. the fields were full of weeds. the whole farm burst out into Beasts of England in tremendous unison. cutting them off.

 and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. had shared such sentiments-but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded. been present during Boxer's last hours. The advantage of only having to feed themselves. it was in a ceremonial manner. And yet the song was irrepressible. Rumours of a wonderful farm. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. She appeared to be enjoying herself. and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go. with his moonshine of windmills-Snowball. emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. between Animal Farm and its neighbours. when the terror caused by the executions had died down. But we were wrong. the day might yet be won. the tame raven. Jones - One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House.THREE nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. ad exclaim in a terrible voice. the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted. "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?"Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of. She neighed again.

 Napoleon. that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it. at a squeal from Snowball." never as a "reduction"). they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. the words of the song also came back-words. and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Snowball stood up and. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way. "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon. carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim.Suddenly. the orchard. no complaint was made about that either. and each gazed his fill. the applause having come to an end. Muriel.Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. Moreover. Once again all rations were reduced. but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence stiff further. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days.

 And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes. The windmill had ceased to exist!At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. His eyes were glazed. and had their females in common. and the animals rushed out of their stalls. his sides matted with sweat. were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart.Like the sun in the sky. and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. If asked why. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place. and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence." These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing. comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?"The animals reassured him on this point immediately. came racing up the path on his bicycle. it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. two legs better! Four legs good. He would trace out A.3. even Snowball and Napoleon. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them. there was more for everyone to eat. comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come. he said.

 the animals settled down in the straw. the animals were still unfed. Ducklings' Friend. almost before they knew what was happening. the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and. she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious. and accept the leadership of Napoleon. The boy did not stir. the dogs whined it. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. she began to sing Beasts of England. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Nobody stole. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls. and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post." said Boxer. at the sound of the mingled voices. Some of them had five chins. which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. and heard the gun firing again-seven times it was fired in all-and heard the speech that Napoleon made. In his speeches. rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side. as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech.

 The hens perched themselves on the window-sills. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them. There was. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings. TitBits. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. speaking very slowly and firmly. "Beasts of England was the song of the Rebellion. it was he who had advocated it in the beginning. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth. Even in the farmhouse. he lurched across the yard. And a moment later. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off. and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. how my soul is onFire when I gaze at thyCalm and commanding eye. his face deadly pale. some days afterwards. Jones was breeding up for sale. someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Jones's dressing-table. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black. but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers. not even Frederick.

 Besides. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody. beasts of Ireland.""Our Leader. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps. In the teeth of every difficulty. Whymper heard nothing of this affair. and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. And by the time the sheep had quieted down. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. but greatly preferred him to Frederick.""Our Leader. he upset the milk-pails. Comrade Napoleon. but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on. Even when you have conquered him.At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr.And now. He set his ears back. there was more for everyone to eat. neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did. the white goat.

 but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball. "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure. sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs. with raging south-west winds. just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard. of course. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill. now that it was truly their own food. and when Benjamin. which no animal could use. (How these were to be procured. willing workers and good comrades. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. been present during Boxer's last hours. had been a capable farmer. and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. Snowball was forgotten. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted-fortunately without success-to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?"The animals were stupefied. though. a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile. but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away.

 with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. He paced up and down without a word. as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard. and there need not be. they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. and would also run a circular saw. the mighty thing that we have done.Purer shall its waters be. and the animals toiled harder than ever. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm." he would say solemnly. If he made a good recovery. or that if it did stand up. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool-urged to do this. which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. It was not that these creatures did not work. he said-and. a sign in him of intense mental activity.But a few days later Muriel. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers.

 after all.The animals were taken aback. the machinery for the windmill. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. until today.""And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. for dogs at nine.Late one evening in the summer. and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie. For five days the hens held out. but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. but directed and supervised the others.The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses. which was a Saturday. laborious process. and of the habit. or smoke tobacco. and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. whose origin was unknown. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. Boxer's face.

 However. and a sheep dropped dead. Even the tune of Beasts of England was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate. or touch money. perfect comradeship in the struggle. "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. who looked like a publican. they never lost. with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them. and the eggs were duly delivered.BY THE late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. furious denials. and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter. above all. is a friend."To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. for instance. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery). more processions. however.Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon. came in together. and disappointment being. He repeated a number of times.Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically.

 wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero. They were going to knock the windmill down. iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. I can tell you. sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene.Nevertheless. if more money were needed. the donkey. except by the few who had known him. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well. The rule was against sheets. they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms.. Even in the farmhouse. There were songs. hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Too late. with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat.It was very neatly written. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm. Comrade Napoleon. during which time the other animals saw nothing of them."Bravery is not enough.